Arabia in the Hellenistic period
Arabia between Byzantines and Persians
Old Arabic language, poetry, and script
Arabia on the eve of Islam
The Arab-Islamic conquests
The caliphate of the Umayyads (661-750)
The Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad
Al-'Arabiyya: high Arabic language and literature
The Arab reception of antiquity
Arabic numerals and the zero
Arabization and Islamization
The Arab world from 900 to 1500 A.D.
The Maghreb and al-Andalus
The Arab world from 1500 to 1800
The fertile crescent under Ottoman rule
Strategies against European intervention: Europeanization, Islamic renewal, nationalism
State building and independence in the twentieth century
The first World War and the Mandatory period
The Salafiyya and the Muslim brotherhood
The second World War and the establishment of the Arab League
The founding of Israel and the first Middle East war
Ba'th party and Nasserism
The Six-Day War (June 1967)
The Sadat era (1970-1981): the October War, the Infitah, and the oil crisis
The Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) and the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988)
The 1990s: the first Intifada and the Gulf War
The beginning of the twenty-first century
